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[Music]

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hi everyone

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yeah so I'm a postdoc in Jack's lab and

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one of the overall I'd say like the main

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overall goal of Jack's lab the

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overarching theme and we all want to

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happen is to build a minimal cell and

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that's what we call a protocell that's

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capable of growth division of

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replication and eventually selection and

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evolution and so most of the people in

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the lab actually organic chemists and

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they're very talented and they're trying

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to get the middle of that diagram

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they're happening so like genetic

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material and information replicating

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without the help help of enzymes but the

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other aspect is actually packaging this

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all up and Marcus gave a very nice

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introduction earlier of putting it all

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inside a compartment to resemble x' like

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life as we know it cellular life and so

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that's where I come in

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I worked on the membranes and I just

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like to add that in addition to having a

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compartment to sort of condense and

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compartmentalize important things like

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molecules that might want to react with

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each other it's also used to have useful

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to have a compartment to keep away

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things like parasites are safe you're an

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RNA molecule that's evolved the ability

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to replicate other RNA molecules you

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want to maximize your Fitness by only

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replicating yourself and so having that

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membrane there stops parasites from

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coming in and are compromising your

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fitness and also having a selectively

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permeable barrier is nice because you

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want to be able to you know flirt around

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and your pond or whatever and take up

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nutrients but also not just take up

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anything great so this picture appeared

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earlier so basically life as we know it

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is cellular life and most organisms have

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cells that are comprised mostly of

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phospholipids so these are and

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fulfilling molecules that consists of a

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hydrophilic head group so have some

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charges there that's just a picture and

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then you see the two tails that are

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going out a very fatty chains and these

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things actually don't like being in

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water and their fatty acids and so what

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happens when you throw this in water is

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that these molecules spontaneously

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assemble into a bilayer and this

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maximizes the entropy of the system

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because the water molecules that would

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otherwise have to awkwardly crowd around

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the fatty acid tails become liberated to

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explore space when all the fatty acid

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tails are actually nestled with each

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other and so this is cool it's a

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spontaneous process you can buy like

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phospholipids from it's kind of

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expensive so maybe your live combines

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with phospholipids and then you

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basically like throw it into water and

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you see membranous structures form

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luckily for us there are much simpler

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molecules that can also self assemble

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into membranes if you want to make

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phospholipids and a prebiotic a possible

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manner you can give chemists it's a lot

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of headaches I think but fatty acids are

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basically soaps and what happens when we

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use the most soap is that we're using

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that quite quite a high pH although the

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carboxylic acid head groups are

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deprotonated so there's a lot of

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negative charge and those charges repel

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each other and they want to take up alot

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of space and they form these really sort

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of high curvature structures that we

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referred to as micelles and that's what

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we used a soap every day when you buy

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these from a company they actually come

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as a neat oil so if you drop the pH way

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down so that all of the carboxylic acid

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head groups actually protonated then all

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the negative charges are gone nothing's

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repelling anything and actually sit

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around as neat oil and you can I pet it

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it's a little bit viscous but you know

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pretty much oil and then the magic

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happens at this sort of like a middle pH

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the Goldilocks sort of pH and you have

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some head groups that are deprotonated

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and some that are protonated and these

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things can actually hydrogen bond and

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almost make this sort of two-tailed sort

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of fake phospholipid looking structure

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like I showed you before but there are

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no real bonds it's I mean the no

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covalent bonds they just sort of paired

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up weakly and um you can form Philo's

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just cool and the reason why were quite

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interested in this other than fatty

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acids being relatively cheap because we

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use it as soap is that they're they're

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quite our prebiotic lee plausible roots

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just synthesizing fatty acids and if you

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look at the organic material

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on carbonaceous chondrites fatty acids

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actually comprised I think the largest

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sort of fractional that most most well a

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lot of the molecules of fatty acids

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great so then like I said earlier you

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can throw them into water and they will

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just spontaneously assemble into

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membranes and what it might look like on

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the is what I'm showing on the left here

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and we have some structures that are

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quite dark and visible and these are

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multilamellar vesicles that means they

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have lots and lots of membrane layers

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kind of stacked up like an onion ring

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and they're pretty easy to see under a

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microscope you can also get vesicles

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that just have one sort of cell membrane

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or not cell 1 membrane and we refer to

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these as uni lamella vesicle ok

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you also get things to a tubular and

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there are things for the spherical and

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all sorts of things it's quite a zoo and

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we can also die the membranes red in

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this case and then stop some RNA inside

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and the RNA doesn't leak out the RNA

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screen and this is cool people in lab

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and other labs have done all sorts of

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really good experiments using this

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system but basically uh I'm a physicist

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by training so when I look at this I

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just think it's too messy

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this is what cells look like they just

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have that one membrane on the outside

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usually quite well separated from any

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other membranes and one way of referring

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to this sort of membrane topology is as

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a giant uni lamellar vesicle so then the

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giant thing refers to than being so big

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that you can see them under a microscope

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the Uni lamella because there's just

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that one membrane and I'm calling this

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yeast cell a vesicle because I look on

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vesicles but um that's essentially what

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they are they're just a fluid sac that's

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sitting around um that makes beer and

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stuff anyway

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pretty useful so what is kind of crazy

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is that this is kind of maybe one of the

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sort of really big challenges and

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synthetic followed biology we want to be

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able to make these giant uni lamella

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vesicles to mimic cells to be able to

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try out synthetic biology systems even

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to use them for drug delivery so that

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when they fuse with a cell membrane you

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have other extra little bits floating

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around and in order to be able to make

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these single uni lamellar membranes

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people have employed all sorts of

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different microfluidic techniques so you

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need a lot of sort of cleanroom

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experience and a lot of I don't know it

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can get quite frustrating but basically

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it's a technological challenge to make

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membranes that are you Neela Mela and

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this is nice because at some point I

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guess it's easy for cells now because

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cells beget cells but at some point if

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you rewind these unity lamellar single

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membrane forms became favored and so

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these primitive cells just did it like

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they didn't have micro fluidics or

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anything and so the thing I wanted to

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kind of understand was how did this sort

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of well separated or uni lamellar

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structure form become favored and then

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because I'm a physicist I'm not going to

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try and ask you know how did this maybe

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come about because of selective

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pressures instead I'm gonna ask maybe

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how did this come about on from

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thermodynamics and then that sort of

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changes the sort of question you can ask

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so instead I would say what I'm trying

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to understand is how can we get these

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things to self-assemble

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without much you know that means no

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intervention right tools are no enzymes

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so self-assembly not do-it-yourself

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assembly which is like you know you're

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forcing it into that structure with my

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footing so when I say no micro fluidics

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that's rather specific and I just mean

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like we don't want to go into a clean

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room because that's a lot of work but it

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doesn't mean we can't use other tools

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and so there aren't really many tools at

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our disposal in terms of you know

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prebiotic earth but we had rocks and

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early humans had rocks and this is a

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really tenuous line of reasoning but

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there was no more logic to it when I

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tried it in lab and because I had some

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rocks sitting around and I made vesicles

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as usual but I put some clay in and then

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what you see is that as soon as you add

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mineral particles the sorts of vesicles

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that you form are the sort of like high

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contrast low contrast sort of variety

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that you see on the left but you get

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these sort of giant rings forming

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instead

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and so that to me was very surprising I

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tried other sister zoomed-in and then I

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tried a different way of visualizing

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this and this is just you know you make

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some vesicles and then you add a little

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bit of fluorescent dye to the outside

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and the dye isn't able to cross the

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membrane so now we're able to see that

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in the control experiment when you just

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you know dump and fulfilling like don't

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fatty acids into buffer they make tiny

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vesicles then a lot of them are multi

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laid we can't really see that structure

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there but basically they're not

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encapsulating much of the of the liquid

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but as you add things like mineral

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particles then all of a sudden you're

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getting much much more of the volume be

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encapsulated those are the voids that

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you see actually um and so you see this

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sort of like cheese Swiss cheese like

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structure where you know this there's

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the same amount of lipid in the image

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that's on the left that's on the right

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but in the image on the left a lot of

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the lipid is wasted in making onion

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structures whereas on the right all of

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the lipid is being used to make single

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layered structures and so you take up a

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lot more space and so this is kind of

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weird like there's no reason this should

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have worked really there was no logic

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behind me trying it but then I think

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there might actually varies and that is

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that all of these are mineral particles

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sitting around in the organic chemistry

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lab are there for a reason they used for

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ion exchange or whatever basically

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cations can like bind to the surfaces of

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things like one Laurel and oak clay of

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silicates and they're usually used to

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sort of switch out what cation you're

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however whatever but maybe what's

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happening is by adding these mineral

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particles the cut ions are sticking to

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the cat clay instead of two mo vesicles

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and that's allowing the negative charges

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00:10:49,020 --> 00:10:48,550
that are on the surface actually repel

275
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each other

276
00:10:54,620 --> 00:10:51,550
and so that's sort of just sort of

277
00:10:56,640 --> 00:10:54,630
putting the unis lamellar structure in

278
00:11:00,330 --> 00:10:56,650
but this peak it makes them more

279
00:11:03,210 --> 00:11:00,340
favourable ok so then this is the simple

280
00:11:06,270 --> 00:11:03,220
experiment this is just your vesicles

281
00:11:08,490 --> 00:11:06,280
with the usual buffer concentration 200

282
00:11:10,380 --> 00:11:08,500
milli molar almost everyone who works on

283
00:11:13,230 --> 00:11:10,390
fatty acid vesicles chooses to use this

284
00:11:14,850 --> 00:11:13,240
concentration it's kind of inherited but

285
00:11:18,300 --> 00:11:14,860
if you just

286
00:11:21,180 --> 00:11:18,310
even reduce the salt concentration by 25

287
00:11:22,530 --> 00:11:21,190
milli molar and I know this here is a

288
00:11:24,210 --> 00:11:22,540
different number but even if you reduce

289
00:11:25,890 --> 00:11:24,220
the salt concentration by a little bit

290
00:11:28,350 --> 00:11:25,900
then you start getting these really big

291
00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:28,360
vesicles with well separated membranes

292
00:11:33,690 --> 00:11:32,530
and you can encapsulate dye inside they

293
00:11:35,460 --> 00:11:33,700
don't leak a lot just having one

294
00:11:38,190 --> 00:11:35,470
membrane um doesn't compromise their

295
00:11:39,930 --> 00:11:38,200
sort of integrity okay so I've been

296
00:11:41,730 --> 00:11:39,940
claiming that these structures the Uni

297
00:11:44,760 --> 00:11:41,740
lamella for the last however many

298
00:11:47,160 --> 00:11:44,770
minutes so the final step is just to

299
00:11:49,230 --> 00:11:47,170
show you that they actually are and then

300
00:11:50,940 --> 00:11:49,240
because making uni lamellar vesicles is

301
00:11:52,680 --> 00:11:50,950
kind of a big deal in synthetic biology

302
00:11:54,960 --> 00:11:52,690
there's quite a well-developed technique

303
00:11:58,110 --> 00:11:54,970
that people use they throw some dye in

304
00:12:00,360 --> 00:11:58,120
the dyes like lipophilic and it goes

305
00:12:01,800 --> 00:12:00,370
into the membrane and the more membranes

306
00:12:04,950 --> 00:12:01,810
you have the brighter they look under

307
00:12:06,270 --> 00:12:04,960
fluorescent microscope and so on the

308
00:12:09,060 --> 00:12:06,280
sample on the right here is made with

309
00:12:10,650 --> 00:12:09,070
the high salt buffer conditions and you

310
00:12:12,510 --> 00:12:10,660
can see that in this one field of view

311
00:12:13,740 --> 00:12:12,520
there are multiple vesicles but there

312
00:12:16,500 --> 00:12:13,750
are different brightnesses and it's

313
00:12:19,020 --> 00:12:16,510
actually quite pretty and then if you

314
00:12:22,320 --> 00:12:19,030
make a low salt concentration sample

315
00:12:25,470 --> 00:12:22,330
then they all look kind of the same like

316
00:12:27,960 --> 00:12:25,480
intensity so we can write some code to

317
00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:27,970
kind of not just eyeball this but our

318
00:12:31,590 --> 00:12:29,530
quantified the average intensity of

319
00:12:32,880 --> 00:12:31,600
these rings and you can see for the low

320
00:12:35,190 --> 00:12:32,890
salt sample on the left you get this

321
00:12:37,500 --> 00:12:35,200
sort of single peak distribution and it

322
00:12:39,510 --> 00:12:37,510
lines up with like the the sort of demo

323
00:12:41,460 --> 00:12:39,520
strings that we find in the sort of

324
00:12:43,980 --> 00:12:41,470
sample on the right that's a bit Messier

325
00:12:45,810 --> 00:12:43,990
and so this is kind of pretty good

326
00:12:47,660 --> 00:12:45,820
evidence that we've found a way to make

327
00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:47,670
these sort of greeny lamellar structures

328
00:12:51,750 --> 00:12:50,290
literally without doing anything you mix

329
00:12:54,660 --> 00:12:51,760
it together you go to sleep you come

330
00:12:56,490 --> 00:12:54,670
back and you get the sample of that and

331
00:12:57,930 --> 00:12:56,500
this is sort of going towards the goal

332
00:13:00,240 --> 00:12:57,940
of making these membranous structures

333
00:13:04,860 --> 00:13:00,250
that resemble more sort of the life as

334
00:13:06,420 --> 00:13:04,870
we know it like Easter and I think the

335
00:13:08,280 --> 00:13:06,430
reason we're able to do this with fatty

336
00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:08,290
acids and you know most people in

337
00:13:11,760 --> 00:13:09,610
synthetic biology work with

338
00:13:13,560 --> 00:13:11,770
phospholipids it's because fatty acids

339
00:13:15,450 --> 00:13:13,570
are you know have some special property

340
00:13:17,160 --> 00:13:15,460
the first thing is that they do carry

341
00:13:18,690 --> 00:13:17,170
negative charges half of the molecules

342
00:13:20,610 --> 00:13:18,700
are negatively charged when you can make

343
00:13:22,560 --> 00:13:20,620
vesicle and that really helps the

344
00:13:24,900 --> 00:13:22,570
membranes repel each other and like have

345
00:13:26,910 --> 00:13:24,910
that separation and the second reason is

346
00:13:28,710 --> 00:13:26,920
that these molecules are small so they

347
00:13:30,749 --> 00:13:28,720
actually moved between vesicles whereas

348
00:13:32,939 --> 00:13:30,759
if you make a phospholipid vesicle the

349
00:13:35,040 --> 00:13:32,949
phospholipid R is actually kinetically

350
00:13:36,569 --> 00:13:35,050
trapped in its vesicle that it happens

351
00:13:38,129 --> 00:13:36,579
to be in they can't move to a

352
00:13:39,990 --> 00:13:38,139
neighboring one and so if you have a

353
00:13:44,509 --> 00:13:40,000
complex energy landscape you can't sort

354
00:13:47,129 --> 00:13:44,519
of remove anywhere yeah so basically

355
00:13:49,350 --> 00:13:47,139
these are simple amphiphilic molecules

356
00:13:51,569 --> 00:13:49,360
that may have been around on earlier

357
00:13:54,420 --> 00:13:51,579
that can form membranes they have their

358
00:13:55,769 --> 00:13:54,430
advantages and it can help us fight form

359
00:13:59,040 --> 00:13:55,779
these structures that we couldn't with

360
00:14:01,860 --> 00:13:59,050
phospholipids also that you know having

361
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:01,870
low ionic strength buffers seems to help

362
00:14:04,499 --> 00:14:03,610
us form giant any lamellar vesicles

363
00:14:07,350 --> 00:14:04,509
which is cool

364
00:14:09,179 --> 00:14:07,360
and if you can't afford to use lower

365
00:14:10,559 --> 00:14:09,189
ionic strength buffers it seems like

366
00:14:12,389 --> 00:14:10,569
that you can just chuck some mineral

367
00:14:15,030 --> 00:14:12,399
particles in and that'll do the job okay

368
00:14:17,100 --> 00:14:15,040
so I'd like to thank everyone here for

369
00:14:19,019 --> 00:14:17,110
organizing this it's this space where

370
00:14:22,499 --> 00:14:19,029
you know we can all learn a lot with low

371
00:14:24,749 --> 00:14:22,509
pressure and I don't know this is being

372
00:14:28,410 --> 00:14:24,759
recorded hey nurse we're all very happy

373
00:14:29,429 --> 00:14:28,420
we're all very happy and I can all be

374
00:14:32,490 --> 00:14:29,439
very happy together

375
00:14:35,040 --> 00:14:32,500
no it's really fun um and and I'd like

376
00:14:38,610 --> 00:14:35,050
to thank my lab jack dining out loud

377
00:14:40,710 --> 00:14:38,620
manage is amazing and also to Chris Carr

378
00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:40,720
and Kendall sobota for the olivine that

379
00:14:44,819 --> 00:14:42,250
I used I was actually collected from the

380
00:14:54,240 --> 00:14:44,829
green sand beach in Hawaii pretty much

381
00:15:02,129 --> 00:14:54,250
thank you thank you Anna do you have any

382
00:15:05,369 --> 00:15:02,139
questions okay very fascinating work I

383
00:15:09,389 --> 00:15:05,379
would be curious if is any temperature

384
00:15:12,480 --> 00:15:09,399
dependence the phenomena that you of

385
00:15:15,569 --> 00:15:12,490
Europe inter experiment also the other

386
00:15:20,040 --> 00:15:15,579
thing for pantry application and I think

387
00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:20,050
that oleic acid is bonding

388
00:15:23,850 --> 00:15:21,730
I don't remember what would be the bond

389
00:15:27,090 --> 00:15:23,860
isn't the boric acid we met right but

390
00:15:30,259 --> 00:15:27,100
all we have we try some shorter fatty

391
00:15:35,220 --> 00:15:30,269
acids like the canary acid we do see

392
00:15:36,420 --> 00:15:35,230
some kinds of cell dumplings yeah I'll

393
00:15:38,009 --> 00:15:36,430
answer the second question

394
00:15:41,790 --> 00:15:38,019
that's cuz I already forgot the first

395
00:15:42,310 --> 00:15:41,800
one but yeah I did use our like asset

396
00:15:44,889 --> 00:15:42,320
every

397
00:15:46,509 --> 00:15:44,899
and it's probable its abundance is

398
00:15:48,850 --> 00:15:46,519
probably close to nothing on meteorites

399
00:15:50,079 --> 00:15:48,860
right so this is just like a cheap thing

400
00:15:52,990 --> 00:15:50,089
that's easy to work with room

401
00:15:55,389 --> 00:15:53,000
temperature in live I've tried sure to

402
00:15:57,280 --> 00:15:55,399
ensure their chance and so my sort of

403
00:16:00,819 --> 00:15:57,290
behavior where I see these giant uni

404
00:16:02,559 --> 00:16:00,829
lamella vesicles form the pH range at

405
00:16:05,139 --> 00:16:02,569
which it happens will change with the

406
00:16:08,170 --> 00:16:05,149
with the fatty acid chain length so for

407
00:16:11,970 --> 00:16:08,180
fourteen carbons I see them form at a

408
00:16:15,069 --> 00:16:11,980
lower pH the problem is when you have

409
00:16:18,519 --> 00:16:15,079
these giant vesicles that are about five

410
00:16:20,769 --> 00:16:18,529
micrometers in diameter so I'll

411
00:16:23,530 --> 00:16:20,779
backtrack a bit if you pack oranges into

412
00:16:25,449 --> 00:16:23,540
a box the maximum packing fraction you

413
00:16:27,850 --> 00:16:25,459
can get is like 60 something said I

414
00:16:30,220 --> 00:16:27,860
think and so if you calculate the amount

415
00:16:33,280 --> 00:16:30,230
of material of lipid that you need to

416
00:16:35,949 --> 00:16:33,290
fill a box like fill your sample it is

417
00:16:38,079 --> 00:16:35,959
actually only 5 mili molar and so that's

418
00:16:40,210 --> 00:16:38,089
below the critical aggregation

419
00:16:42,040 --> 00:16:40,220
concentration for these shorter chain

420
00:16:44,740 --> 00:16:42,050
fatty acids which is why I didn't use

421
00:16:47,199 --> 00:16:44,750
them if you do sort of use more lipid

422
00:16:49,059 --> 00:16:47,209
and instead of them just all forming big

423
00:16:51,370 --> 00:16:49,069
vesicles and getting stuck they start

424
00:16:54,460 --> 00:16:51,380
forming like vesicles inside vesicles

425
00:16:56,650 --> 00:16:54,470
and so I mean that's a cool behavior in

426
00:16:58,689 --> 00:16:56,660
and of itself but um yeah I think it'd

427
00:17:01,809 --> 00:16:58,699
be nice to go to a like shorter chain

428
00:17:04,140 --> 00:17:01,819
system like c10 and then just see if we

429
00:17:12,819 --> 00:17:04,150
can make the well separated membranes

430
00:17:12,829 --> 00:17:22,830
one

431
00:17:28,030 --> 00:17:25,120
all right let's talk I have you have

432
00:17:31,540 --> 00:17:28,040
tried unbuffered system like bison is

433
00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:31,550
not very biotic and the pika what it

434
00:17:35,050 --> 00:17:33,410
seems to happen that the giant vesicles

435
00:17:37,330 --> 00:17:35,060
are formed around the pKa of the fatty

436
00:17:40,030 --> 00:17:37,340
acid so if you use the fact that it does

437
00:17:42,040 --> 00:17:40,040
a buffer have you tried this system no I

438
00:17:44,980 --> 00:17:42,050
haven't the thing that I tried that was

439
00:17:46,030 --> 00:17:44,990
the most sort of the simplest system I

440
00:17:48,130 --> 00:17:46,040
tried was no buffer

441
00:17:49,870 --> 00:17:48,140
I'm just hard to chloric acid and sodium

442
00:17:51,790 --> 00:17:49,880
chloride and the same thing happens it

443
00:17:54,520 --> 00:17:51,800
just it's just annoying to like titrate

444
00:18:00,010 --> 00:17:54,530
so I just stop do you think I used

445
00:18:02,680 --> 00:18:00,020
buffer instead yeah thanks for the great

446
00:18:04,630 --> 00:18:02,690
talk I was just wondering if there was

447
00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:04,640
any significant difference in stability

448
00:18:12,270 --> 00:18:08,450
of the vesicles between the different

449
00:18:15,250 --> 00:18:12,280
concentrations or the addition of notes

450
00:18:17,980 --> 00:18:15,260
yeah so I didn't actually check on their

451
00:18:19,630 --> 00:18:17,990
permeabilities too like all again weakly

452
00:18:25,930 --> 00:18:19,640
tides off anything

453
00:18:28,480 --> 00:18:25,940
oh you mean oh they're very stable like

454
00:18:31,180 --> 00:18:28,490
they sit around for like a month and I'm

455
00:18:32,860 --> 00:18:31,190
pretty sure the fatty acid I use like as

456
00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:32,870
oxidized and they still look the same

457
00:18:40,620 --> 00:18:35,410
under the microscope I don't know why

458
00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:40,630
yeah okay one more

459
00:18:46,120 --> 00:18:44,210
I'll go everyone else great talk so

460
00:18:48,880 --> 00:18:46,130
early on you showed where you guys put

461
00:18:51,220 --> 00:18:48,890
RNA inside one of these double membrane

462
00:18:53,280 --> 00:18:51,230
and things could you do the same well

463
00:18:56,320 --> 00:18:53,290
first of all it was there any kind of

464
00:18:57,400 --> 00:18:56,330
activity with that or purpose or is it

465
00:18:58,720 --> 00:18:57,410
just kind of show that you could put him

466
00:19:02,770 --> 00:18:58,730
in there and then could you also do the

467
00:19:04,960 --> 00:19:02,780
same with the GU v's yeah so I've tried

468
00:19:07,120 --> 00:19:04,970
encapsulation experiments with these TVs

469
00:19:11,770 --> 00:19:07,130
on with the the low salt concentration

470
00:19:14,290 --> 00:19:11,780
everything and if I the largest thing

471
00:19:16,510 --> 00:19:14,300
I've stuffed inside a 400 nanometer

472
00:19:17,800 --> 00:19:16,520
large polystyrene particle and so

473
00:19:19,660 --> 00:19:17,810
there's no problem getting nano

474
00:19:21,300 --> 00:19:19,670
particles inside or like colloidal

475
00:19:24,310 --> 00:19:21,310
particles inside as long as they're

476
00:19:25,780 --> 00:19:24,320
diffusing they'll go in so there's like

477
00:19:27,280 --> 00:19:25,790
huge defects when these things are

478
00:19:28,870 --> 00:19:27,290
forming right so I don't really know

479
00:19:31,060 --> 00:19:28,880
what the encapsulation mechanism is but

480
00:19:32,620 --> 00:19:31,070
you can stuff RNA inside what people

481
00:19:34,840 --> 00:19:32,630
normally do in love when they put RNA

482
00:19:36,160 --> 00:19:34,850
inside is do primary extension

483
00:19:38,050 --> 00:19:36,170
experiment so they're trying to see can

484
00:19:40,570 --> 00:19:38,060
we elongate a primer non enzymatically

485
00:19:43,090 --> 00:19:40,580
and then they'll usually crack these

486
00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:43,100
vesicle vesicles open and then run the

487
00:19:49,420 --> 00:19:45,610
results in a gel to see if it worked

488
00:19:51,970 --> 00:19:49,430
yeah so I think as we move towards

489
00:19:54,810 --> 00:19:51,980
developing like optical Reed sort of

490
00:19:57,460 --> 00:19:54,820
feedback for successful primer extension

491
00:19:59,020 --> 00:19:57,470
the G V's will be more useful for that

492
00:20:00,490 --> 00:19:59,030
purpose because then we can like look at

493
00:20:03,880 --> 00:20:00,500
something big under a microscope right

494
00:20:06,340 --> 00:20:03,890
off that'll be pretty cool okay thank